In the face of oppression, music has often served as a beacon of hope and resistance.
In South Africa, during the dark days of apartheid, struggle songs became more than mere melodies; they evolved into a powerful form of expression and unity amongst those fighting against the injustices and racial segregation enforced by the government.
These songs carried the weight of a nation’s heartache, resilience, and undying spirit, forging a collective identity that transcended boundaries.
The origins of these struggle songs can be traced back to the 1960s, a decade marked by the intensification of apartheid policies.
Restrictions on black South Africans grew increasingly severe, hindering their access to fundamental rights and freedoms.
In response, musicians and activists turned to music as a potent tool for protest. Iconic figures such as Brenda Fassie, Miriam Makeba, and Hugh Masekela, who would later gain international acclaim, emerged as leading voices for social justice, channelling their talents into calling for liberation and equality.
As SA prepares to commemorate Human Rights Day on Friday, March 21, we take a closer look at some of the most powerful anthems of resistance that echoed through the oppressive landscape of apartheid.
Through the legacy of these struggle songs, we not only celebrate the unbeatable spirit of South Africans during apartheid but also honour the powerful force of music in inspiring change and fostering unity in times of adversity.
“Asimbonanga (Mandela)” by Johnny Clegg and Savuka
Released in 1987, “Asimbonanga” by the South African band Savuka, led by the remarkable Johnny Clegg, transcended the bounds of a mere song to become an enduring symbol of the struggle against racial injustice.
The phrase “Asimbonanga” translates to “We have not seen him,” echoing the profound sentiments surrounding Nelson Mandela during his long imprisonment. The lyricism encapsulated the yearning for justice at a time when visual depictions of the anti-apartheid icon were scarce.
Clegg’s inspiring rendition not only struck a chord within South African hearts but also resonated with international audiences. It also became an anthem for the United Democratic Front (UDF), symbolising collective resistance against the apartheid regime.
“Ndodemnyama (Beware, Verwoerd!)” by Miriam Makeba
Miriam Makeba, renowned as Mama Africa, epitomises the intersection of music and activism in SA. Her stirring song “Ndodemnyama (Beware, Verwoerd!)” serves as both an artistic lament and a fierce warning against the oppressive policies approved by Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd, often hailed as the architect of apartheid.
Written by fellow activist Vuyisile Mini, the lyrics reflect the anger and resilience of millions: "Here is the black man, Verwoerd! Watch out, here is the black man, Verwoerd!"
Makeba’s emotional call rallied the oppressed, galvanising them into action against their oppressors through the potent medium of song.
“Sarafina!” by Mbongeni Ngema and Hugh Masekela
Returning to the cultural legacy of this era, "Sarafina!" is a timeless musical that continues to evoke powerful emotions.
First performed in the late 1980s, the work by Mbongeni Ngema and Hugh Masekela captures the fervour of youth involvement in the Soweto riots - a pivotal moment in the resistance against apartheid.
This anthem articulates the frustration and bravery of a generation willing to confront the oppressive regime transitioning from words to action.
Adapted into a film in 1992 starring Whoopi Goldberg and Leleti Khumalo, "Sarafina!" introduced audiences to the struggles faced by young South Africans, further immortalising the song’s legacy in the fight for freedom.
“Black President” by Brenda Fassie
Although Nelson Mandela would officially become South Africa’s first black president in 1994, Brenda Fassie, affectionately dubbed MaBrrr or Madonna of the Townships, was among the first to prophetically allude to this historic moment in her powerful 1990 song “Black President”.
As an unmatched pop icon, her rise in the 1980s laid the groundwork for an unparalleled influence on South African music culture.
The song became a celebratory anthem during Mandela’s release from Robben Island on February 11, 1990 - a prayerful rallying call that rang throughout the townships and ignited hope for a new dawn.